Folie à Deux,Dissociative Identity Disorder and Crime
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This file is an analysis of how psychiatric problems in a family
can lead to malicious prosecution of innocent people . In the more serious,otherwise
similar
situation, there can be false allegations of sexual abuse . In other situations
usually involving divorce there is the allied psychiatric condition of
Parental Alienation Syndrome . The first generation is someone with schizophrenia ,
the
second generation is a high-
functioning dissociative identity disorder person(DID) {substantially what was
previously termed multiple personality disorder (MPD)} . The delusions of this
psychotic person are then induced in the third generation of family members as
folie à deux separately
and in combination as folie à famille, a form of contagious delusion .
Multiple Personality Disorder
History
S . L . Mitchill is usually credited with the first description of a case of multiple
personality disorder in 1816 . The patient was a young English woman ,Mary Reynolds .
She was a bright and healthy child but during her teenage years developed fits and
other symptoms of psychological disturbance .
"Unexpectedly and without any kind of forewarning ,she fell into a profound
sleep,which continued several hours beyond the ordinary term . On waking she was
discovered to have lost every trait of acquired knowledge . Her memory was tabula
rasa;all vestiges both of words and things ,were obliterated and gone . It was
found necessary for her to learn everything again .... after a few months another
fit of somnolency invaded her . On rousing from it,she found herself restored to
the state she was before the paroxysm;but she was wholly ignorant of every event
and occurence that had befallen her afterwards .... she is as unconscious of
her double character as two distinct persons are of their respective
natures ... . During four years and upwards,she has undergone periodical
transitions from one of these states to the other"
(Mitchill,1816)
The old and the new personalities continued to alternate until her death . This
patient ,like many others,attracted a great deal of interest from the medical
profession and lay public alike,and she became known as la dame de MacNish
after an account written by a MacNish . The small number of references to the
condition in the first half of the 19th century included two British reports
of dual consciousness (Mayo 1845 and Skae 1845) . No cases of the disorder were
published between 1847 and 1873 .
After the turn of the century ,Morton Prince reviewed a collection of 20
patienrts and later published a celebrated account of one patient ,Christine
Beauchamp . From this time ,most cases were reported as having more than 2
personalities and the condition became known as multiple personality disorder
(MPD)
In the 20th century public awareness of the condition has been raised following
the release of dramatized ,written and cinematic,biographies of sufferers eg
"Eve" Thigpen and Cleckley,1984
"Sybil" film of 1976 with Sally Field as the lead
Other or previous names for MPD are multiplex peronality,double existences,dual
personalities,double personality,plural personality,dissociated personality,split
personality and most recently dissociative identity disorder (DID) .
Diagnosis
From Diagnostic and Statistical Maual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV
a) the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states
which recurrently take control of the person's behaviour
b) an inability to recall important personal information that is too extensive
to be explained by ordinary forgetfulness and is not due to the effects of a
substance or a general medical condition .
Adding to the mystique is the delay in making the diagnosis,often taking
six to eight years of treatment before MPD is recognised .
Putnam et al 1986 circulated a 386-item questionaire,employing symptom check-
lists to 400 clinicians with a known interest in MPD,seeking information on
cases of MPD meeting the earlier DSM-III criteria . One hundred cases were
selected,including 92 females . The average age of diagnosis was 31 years .
The patients were well educated and many had achieved high occupational
status . Ninety-five percent had received one or more psychiatric or
neurological diagnoses prior to the diagnosis of MPD . The interval between
first presentation and diagnosis of MPD was an average of 7 years . The
patients presented with an array of symptoms,most prominently depression,
anxiety,eating disorders and auditory and visual hallucinations . Many
presented with "hysterical" or "dissociative" symptoms including fugue
episodes in half the cases . The number of personalities ranged from 2 to 60,
the average being 13 . In 85 cases one of the alternates was reported to be
a child . In 61 percent suicidal behaviour was associated with the
alternative personality . Violent behaviour towards others was commonly
attributed to others and homicidal behaviour alleged in 6. of cases .
50 percent of patients feared or lost sexual impulse control ranging from
heterosexual and homosexual promiscuity to sadomasochism,pedophilia,bestiality,
exhibitionism,menage à trois and erotic asphasia .
Amnesia was a symptom in 95. of the patients . (Bliss,1980) Bliss has stressed
the importance of amnesia and lost time as symptoms that should raise the
clinical suspicion of MPD .
MPD can present with a diversity of symptoms,including those commonly
associated with schizophrenia . Unlike schizophrenia,reality testing is
said to be well preserved .
Examples of memory problems associated with MPD include patients unable
to recall what was done at certain times,reports of finding their
belongings in strange places or finding strange items among their
belongings . Also independent third-party reports of comments on their
behaviour which is uncharacteristic and about which they have no
recollection . Under hypnosis these alternate personalities can often
account for the lost times and memory problems . The amnesia is frequently
assymetric . The more passive personalities tend to have more constricted
memories,wheras the more hostile,controling or protector personalities have
more complete memories . Evidence of amnesia may be uncovered by reports from
others who have witnessed behaviour that is denied by the patient . There may
be loss of memory not only for recurrent periods of time but also loss of
biographical memory for protracted periods of childhood . Transition between
identities is often triggered by psychological stress . The time required to
switch from one identity to another is usually a matter of seconds but,less
frequently,can be gradual .
MPD patients can be "high functioning multiples" people who elude
hospitalisation and can achieve considerable stability and success in their lives .
A useful screening instrument for dissociatiative disorders is the (DES)
Dissociative Experiences Scale which is a 28 item self-report questionaire. A
similar but more recent screening tool is the (DIS-Q) Dissociative
Questionaire developed in Holland .
Early Developement
Traumatic childhood experiences,especially of physical abuse and neglect are
said to be common in MPD . (Bliss 1984) in a series of 70 patients estimated
that 60. had been victims of sexual abuse and 40. were victims of other
types of abuse during childhood . Coones & Milstein 1986 found similar rates
of 75. and 53. . Putnam et al 1986 reported 97. to have a history of childhood
abuse . Sexual abuse ,usually incest,was reported in 83. ,other physical abuse
in 75. and a combination of sexual and physical in 68. . In their study the
average age of onset of MPD was estimated at about 6 years . The effects of
exposure to situations of extreme ambivalence and abuse in early childhood
may be coped with by an elaborate form of denial,so that the child believes
the event to be happening to someone else . This process may be facilitated in
childhood,a time when there is a rich fantasy life,often including imaginary
companions . This elaborate form of defence maybe splitting into all good and all
bad alternatives . It is possible that traumatic experiences in childhood may
enhance the individual's ability to dissociate .
From the Lewis paper . The 12 murderers in our study were unaware of their DID
condition . They had partial or total amnesia for the abuse they had experienced
as children . 6 of them were abused by the mother . Contrary to the commonly held
assumption that individuals facing the consequences of murder charges will
exagerate their childhood misfortunes,in mitigation,these murderers could
barely remember anything about their childhoods . Also contrary to popular
belief that probing questions will either instill false memories or
encourage lying,especially in dissociative patients,of these 12,not
one produced false memories or lied after inquiries regarding maltreatment .
They either denied or minimized their early abusive experiences . We relied on
objective records and on interviws with family and friends to discover that
major abuse had occured . In every case,3 or more outside sources provided
independent evidence of subject's marked change of voice,demeanour,and
behaviour and in 11 cases abuses were also verified objectively . In 10
cases handwriting samples produced before the offenses in question documented
changes in writing styles and signatures .
Case Studies
Kluft 1986,Published report describes MPD in 3 individuals of high accomplishment
whose pathology was extremely well disguised in both their lives and in their
clinical presentations . They neither demonstrated nor acknowledged signs
suggestive of a dissociative disorder,anxiety disorder,schizophrenia,seizure
disorder,affective disorder or borderline personality disorder . Such cases
can be described as "good neurotic" or mild character neurotic or
high-functioning MPD . The intention was to raise the index of suspicion
for MPD in apparently stable and successful patients whose initial
presentations give no overt indications of MPD .
Case 1
A 30 yearold female physician applied to a psychoanalytic clinic . Two
periods of less intensive psychiatric treatment had failed to change masochistic
tendencies in her relationships with men . Her evaluation included interviews
with a senior and 2 graduate analysts and discussion of their findings by 6
others . No treating psychiatrist,evaluator,or committee member raised
consideration of MPD .
Once analysis began,she was very resistant . Latenesses were frequent . She
claimed she lost track of time and suddenly realised she was already
late for her session . As the transference intensified,she became quite
uncomfortable . The latenesses increased in frequency and duration . Long
silences became commonplace . Midway through her fourth year of analysis
,during a session she abruptly got up from the couch,turned to the
analyst,and said, "You can analyse HER,but I'm leaving!" The patient
spoke in a markedly different voice that was familiar to the analyst,but
which he,until that moment ,had attributed to transient regression . The
analyst regained his composure and responded,"You are in analysis too . Please
return to the couch and let us continue . " After several minutes of indecision
,the patient did go back to the couch .
The personality the analyst recognised as his patient returned a few minutes
later,complainig of a headache and vaguely aware that "something upsetting"
had occured . A few weeks later,she showed the analyst diaries in handwriting
she did not recognise as her own . She talked about several occasions on which
the analyst had commented on her out-of-character clothing and told him that
on those days she did not recall dressing . There were garments in her possession
that she could not remember buying .
She feared she might have multiple personalities . Within weeks,four additional
personalities entered the analysis . One readily admitted she opposed the
analysis and had acted obstructively in the hope that the analyst would give
up on the patient . Once she became co-operative,the latenesses and silences
ceased .
The painfully good and constricted woman had one personality that led a
separate life with drastically different friends,clothes and habits . A third
occasionally took over . When out,she functioned within the patient's usual
personal and professional relationships,but was far less inhibited . Both were
quite distinct . The other two included a punitive alternate ego who frequently
inconvenienced the patient,but never interacted openly with other individuals
,and a child personality that rarely emerged . The patient had been aware of
many evidences that suggested she had MPD,but had witheld them . For example,
she offered extensive rationalizations for her amnesias or behaved so as to
appear contrary rather than amnesic . She integrated gradually,and showed no
signs of MPD during the last 2 years of a 7 . 5 year classical psychoanalysis .
Case 2
A 40 yearold research scientist of substantial attainment already had been
seen by four psychiatrists in connection with a traumatic divorce,major
relocations,and the pressures of combining career and family responsibilities .
None had suspected a dissociative disorder . Seeking treatment to resolve major
difficulties in her relationships with men,she declined to enter classical
psychoanalysis,which had been recommended,citeing the burden of her children's
college expenses and the time pressures of heading a professional organisation .
Instead,she entered a psychoanalytic psychotherapy that proved quite successful .
Two years after termination she returned,engaged to a suitable man,but concerned
about problems in dealing with her children .
.... She simply did what was told by another personality she knew as "the kid" .
Her own function was to handle interpersonal relationships adroitly . She was
afraid she would be considered schizophrenic if she revealed her situation .
This woman had 19 personalities,12 of which were quite distinct,most of which
came out only in private,and some of which restricted their emergence to times
when she was amongst strangers,or was in social situations that were quite
supeficial ....
Case 3
A physician in her late 20s had seen a series of psychiatrists since her teens
in order to work out problems in her relationships with men . Initial medical
inquiries by an analyst revealed the patient was left-handed . However,while the
patient was writing down some basic information,she did so with her right hand .
The analyst asked a question while she was writing . The patient appeared dazed
momentarily,and then resumed writing,but with her left hand . She also appeared
dazed when asked whether she had suffered any abuse during her childhood .
These incidents led the analyst to ask about memory problems,disremembered
behaviours described to her by others,headaches,and passive influence experiences
(not fuly emerged identities,unexplained strong emotions or pains) . On several
occasions,these questions were followed by the patient's complaining of a
headache,looking dazed,and behaving somewhat differently for a few moments .
These behaviours suggested the unacknowledged switching of personalities .
Finally a personality identified herself to the analyst by a name different
from that of the presenting personality and expressed relief at "finally
telling someone what's really going on" . This patient had 9 personalities,
seven of which were very distinct and autonomous . In one,she had persued a
career as an exotic dancer in addition to studying medicine .
End of case studies
Many of the patients had evolved complex strategies to conceal their disorder .
Clinicians consider MPD rare because they expect to see and readily confirm "a
steady and public history of certain dramatic phenomena in order to consider
the diagnosis and to document it" . Over 90. of those later diagnosed as MPD
have tried to hide such manifestations,and over 50. who are approached with
hypnosis or amytal interviews to clarify their diagnosis withold evidence of MPD
at their first such assessments .
In all these (Kluft)12 cases,the presenting personality witheld data that might
have raised the index of suspicion for MPD . Many were able to cover over amnesia
or to offer plausible rationalizations for it . When asked about the amnesias and
out-of-character behaviours that occured during analysis,patient 1 behaved in a
distractingly provocative and contentious manner . She researched the psychoanalytic
literature on forgetting . Sometimes she confabulated,sometimes she deduced what had
happened and represented her conclusions or what others had told her as if it
were memory,and sometimes she deliberately offered astute psychoanalytic
explanations of her forgetfulness . She did not admit awareness of having
separate diaries and wardrobes for several years . In patient 2 most of the
alters were aware of one another . One personality was only aware that "she
needed more sleep than the average person" . She believed she fell asleep at
9pm . The others led their lives between 9pm and midnight or 1am . The presenting
personality was in treatment for 4 years before admitting there was evidence
that things happened while she believed she was asleep .
Patient 3,usually a reserved and demure individual,danced in sleazy bars and
stripped to virtual nudity . Another personality could never believe she was
"actually doing it" but was titillated at the idea of having a secret other
life .
Another Case Study from the P. Mollon book
Angie a moderately successful young artist,presented initially with anxiety,panic
atacks,low self-esteem,an anorexic eating disorder,and disturbed interpersonal
relationships . On being taken into therapy it rapidly became apparent that
dissociative processes pervaded her life . For example ,she lived with one man,whilst
having a relationship with another man,neither of these men knowing about the other .
With the man she lived with she was quiet and sexually inhibited,whilst she would
also,unbeknown to him,
lead another life in which she was a sexual "femme fatale",very lively,wearing
different clothes,speaking
with a different voice and relating
to a quite separate group of friends . When asked if she felt guilty,in relation to
her cohabiting partner,
regarding her relationship with the other man,she explained that she did not,
because when she was with her partner the other relationship seemed like something
another person was doing .... A recurrent feature of the therapist's experience was
of being bombarded
by a contradictory and confusing array of beliefs,attitudes and arguments
which showed no regard to logic . She would for example speak ragefully of her
parent's behaviour towards her,whilst at the same arguing that they were absolutely
correct .
Any line of interpretation which the therapist attempted to explore would be met
by a barrage of
confusing disputation which would leave him feeling helpless and enraged .
Gradually it became clearer that she was conveying something of her own
experience of the confusing and contradictory behaviour of her mother -
and also that she was giving expression to a very sadistic part
of herself that continually condemned her . It seemed her mother would express
contradictory attitudes at different times,and would implicitly forbid her to
point these out .
Once a high-functioning MPD patient is identified her treatment can be a
delicate matter . The rule is "do no harm" . Often their careers or professions
are the stabilizing centres of their lives . They fear becoming dysfunctional .
Their apprehension about losing their careers is not unrealistic .
Sources
The Characterological Basis of Multiple Personality,Ira BrennerAmerican Journal
of Psychotherapy,Vol 50,No2,Spring 1996,154-166
Objective Documentation of Child Abuse and Dissociation in 12 Murderes with DID,
D O Lewis,American Journal of Psychiatry,154:12,Dec 1997,1703-1710
The Diagnosis of MPD,Thomas Fahy,British Journal of Psychiatry,1988,153,597-606
High-Functioning Multiple Personality Patients,R C Kluft,Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disease,1986,174,No 12,722-726
Multiple Selves,Multiple Voices by Phil Mollon,Wiley,1995
Folie à Deux
"When you live in the shadow of insanity,the appearance of another
mind that thinks and talks as yours does is something close to a
blessed event" Robert M Pirzig - Zen and the Art of Motorcycle
Maintenance 1974
History
Paranoid disorders and the spread of delusional ideas to family members is
in the literature since the 17th century . Few people in close association with
deluded individuals acquire their delusions as attested by the rarity of
published cases . 100 reports of folie a deux from 1877 to 1942 and 280 1943 to
1996 .
Other terms for folie a deux now known as Induced Psychotic Disorder (IPD) are
and were;infectious insanity,psychic infection,contagious insanity,collective
insanity,double insanity,influenced psychoses,mystic paranoia,induced psychosis
,associational psychosis,epacti psychosis and dyadic psychosis .
One investigator reported a frequency of 29 individuals (1 . 7. ) with folie a deux
in 1700 consecutive admissions . Many cases may go unnoticed because they are
classified individually or because only one member of a pair is admitted . The
more a hospital is oriented toward family evaluations and diagnoses,the more
likely a partner in a shared psychotic disorder will be found . Representative
of 103 actual pairs include 2 sisters 40 ,husband and wife 26 ,mother and
child 24, 2 brothers 11 ,brother and sister 6 ,father and child 2 . The greater
susceptibility of women to the disease is probably due to the more restricted
and submissive roles imposed on them socially . Also the added greater likelihood
to seek help and be hospitalized . Folie a deux has been implicated in such notorious or bizarre
events as the serial killers Ian Brady and Myra Hindley,Fred and Rose West;mass suicides
of the People's Temple cult in Guyana (912 people in 1978),Heven's Gate cult recently;The League
of Geniuses,the Men in Black "seen" by flying saucer watchers/alien abductees and even Adolf Hitler and the German nation. On the day of writing this line I read two separate items in my
newspaper. Three people jump off 200 ft cliffs at Salcombe Cliffs near Sidmouth Devon and in
New Zealand two Seventh-Day Adventists are jailed for 5 years for not allowing
medical treatment to their 6 month old son Caleb Moorhead. You start to see
possible cases of Folie a Deux all over the place .
Nature v. Nurture
Craig 1945 reported a case of folie a deux in monozygotic twin sisters who
shared similar paranoid delusions although they had been separated from the
age of nine months .
Most shared disorders are consanguinous (91. by Gralnick) and that a similar
inheritance forms the basis for the phenomenon . The possibility of inheritance
was recognised 120 years ago . At least 2 lines of evidence support the concept
that genetic vulnerability to psychosis is important in the developement of a
folie a deax . First it has been shown empirically that psychotic symptoms and
delusional ideas are seldom "transmitted" from a psychotic individual to a
healthy one merely upon prolonged exposure . In other words unless one is
somehow predisposed,rarely does a person in close contact with a deluded
individual actually acquire the latter person's delusions . The passive person
involved in a folie a deux usually has a "prepsychotic" personality (ie a
marked personality disturbance with suspicious,histrionic,dependent or
antisocial traits) and may well have developed a mental disorder even if
he/she had not been in contact with a psychotic individual . The critical
question is not whether a genetic predisposition to psychosis,in particular
schizophrenia,is operative in folie a deux;rather the critical question is
whether it is necessary for the developement of the disorder .
Scharfetter 1972 concluded that a hereditary schizophrenic predisposition
was required for the developement of folie a deux "only persons with a
genetically determined predisposition are likely to develop a schizophreniform
psychosis themselves under the influence of a primary schizophrenic partner" .
(From Waltzer 1963)One cannot minimize the developemental significance of
noxious agents,namely the parents and the disturbed environment which was
relatively constant and identical for all the children,in the precipitation
of delusional thinking . A relationship appears to exist between the tenacity
with which the delusions are held and the duration of exposure to these noxious
stimuli .
Case Studies
Case 1
Mrs A a 47 yearold ... (delusions about neighbours) ...... Her son B was 20 years
old ..... he had always lived with his mother and described his relationship with
her as good . At first he thought his mother may be unwell and did not believe her
story . However when interviewed on the second meeting he admitted to believing
80-90. of his mother's story ........ He later shared with professionals that if
she was found to be ill,so be it and she could be treated,on the other hand,if
she was found to be well then all the business about her neighbours would be
"proven to be true" . When she was treated and improved;his beliefs dissolved
and disappeared without medication . This case illustrates the legal problems
which can arise in practice when treating a case of folie a deux . During her first
admission Mrs A was very disturbed and tried to leave the hospital . However her
son shared her beliefs at the time and was resistant to ideas of detaining his
mother under the Mental Health Act 1983 . Both individuals were irrational,but
only the mother was psychotic and reqired admission . When the "nearest relative"
(the son B) objects to an application being made with regards to a section 3 of
the 1983 Mental Health Act then an approved social worker has to obtain consent
of the nearest relative . The nearest relative can be set aside on application to
a county court (section 29) on the grounds that he is unable to act as the
nearest relative by reason of his "mental disorder" or unreasonableness .
Case 2
A 43 yearold housewife-writer was admitted to the hospital in a severely
agitated state . Her history revealed a delusional state of 10 years duration
regarding a conspiracy in the literary world . Her husband and 3 adolescent
children shared these beliefs ..... The patient's family were not hospitalized
since they functioned well outside the home without any need to mention the
conspiracy . The patient herself had managed to function remarkably well during
her marriage as a housekeeper and mother by keeping the delusions within the
family . Her primary diagnosis was paranoid state with a schizophreniform
psychosis . A diagnosis of induced psychotic disorder was made in the husband
and children . The patient responded quickly to neuroleptic medication .
The children and husband agreed after 2 visits that they had mistakenly gone
along with the patient's "over intense imagination" although the treatment
team was quite convinced that the husband was just being compliant . He was
an impassive college physics teacher who seemed to be an odd caricature of
an absent minded professor . Although attached to his family he expressed it
by distant concerned observation rather than by participation in family
activities .
Follow-up over a 6 year period revealed the diagnosis in the primary to be a
chronic paranoid state with periodic affective disruptions usually related to
some cumulative unexpressed anger at her husband or apprehension about her
children ..... A decreased need to convince the family of her persistent
delusions was sufficient to permit the 3 children to begin to separate from
the family and to enter college without untoward incident,although one of the
children showed tendencies toward being isolated and without friends . They had
an "imposed psychosis" or folie imposée . The husband continued to share
his wife's delusions although he accepted his wife's need for treatment to
prevent her from getting too "excited" about things . He seemed to have a
"communicated psychosis" or folie communiquée . Mild supportive
intervention with the occassional use of medication had a dramatic effect
on this folie à famille . Over time it became clear that much of the
wife's passionate and angry involvement with the literary establishment was
a displacement from the husband who supported it because it enabled him to
maintain a comfortable emotional distance in the relationship . Conjoin therapy
was not recommended in this case because of a tactical decision to enlist the
husband as an ally with the therapist in "helping his wife with her over-
reaction" .
Developement
There is shock and strain suffered by the as yet non-psychotic partner when first
witnessing the psychotic affliction of the inducer . It seems reasonable to suppose that
the former may be impelled to identify herself with the latter as a result of
the psychological phenomenon of sympathy and/or imitation . The stability of the
weaker partner's psychosis also depends to some extent on her suggestibility . A person
highly vulnerable to suggestion can aquire delusional ideas with great speed
and facility;but such ideas are unstable as they are easily displaced by
counter-suggestions . A less suggestible individual will take longer to acquire
such delusional ideas but wil doubtless hold them with greater persistence .
There are marked similarities between what transpires in the developement of
a folie a deux and the process of brainwashing . Three phases are present in
both . The first phase may be viewed as the "disorganizing or regressive phase"
and consists of the breakdown of existing defenses and resistances . In
brainwashing and folie a deux this is accomplished through social isolation
,sensory and ideational deprivation . During the second phase identification
with the agressor,who is viewed as the rescuer,takes place . The submissive
individual identifies with the dominant person who is consciously or
unconsciously carrying out the operation . The brainwashee is exposed to
kindness and consideration during this phase . The third phase is the reindoctrination
period . Constant monoideational stimulation is maintained until the ideas are
incorporated by the individual who is in a submissive role . The second and third
phases are only possible after the first has been successful .
There is also a similarity to hypnosis . Hypnosis is dependant on the establishment
of a degree of dominance by the exponent over the subject . Under these
circumstances the former can induce the latter to accept suggestion without
critical appraisal of its validity . In psychosis of association,the submissive
partner is being induced by the process of suggestion to accept the delusional
ideas of the dominant one .
Most cases of folie à deux show a pattern of dominance and submission
. 90. of cases are reported to occur in families . The primary agent must be in
close proximity,be a figure of authority or identification,and be in the early
or less severe stages of psychotic decompensation in order to be in touch with
reality enough to influence the other . In addition the secondary partner must
derive some gain from adopting the symptoms . The underlying process is one of
identification by the submissive party,which may be unconscious . Folie a deux is
an example of a pathological relationship in which the dominant party strives
to maintain a link with reality while the other fulfils dependency needs . The
recipient is not necessarily entirely a submissive partner since in most cases
he or she becomes delusional after considerable resistance and this may impact
on the primary sufficiently to modify her delusions .
The secondary partner seeks to preserve the relationship with the dominant one
by adopting her delusions because the threat of loss is greater than the fear of
psychosis . All families share a common reality and family myths which help the
family to maintain a stable cohesiveness in the midst of internal or external
threats .
Both criminal acts and suicide pacts can occur in shared psychotic disorder .
Diagnosis
Delusional disorders are largely underdiagnosed because patients retain relatively
high functioning in the community,actively denying disability and avoiding help
from psychiatrists,who also avoid these patients because of their litigious and
confrontational nature . These individuals drift between delusional and normal
modes and confound all but the most experienced clinicians . Often passing as
eccentrics until they cause harm or significant conflict in the family or
community,including suicides and murder-suicides . Other medical specialists,
non-medical professionals and law enforcement officers are the likely first
contacts . Inexperience and lack of skill in identifying and eliciting paranoid
phenomena leads professionals to accept delusionally based reasons for
patient's actions as rational if they are not immediately bizarre . Delusional
patients often do not meet criteria for involuntary treatment,leaving
professionals with few opportunities to remove children from potentially
harmful situations . Guidelines for the involuntary commitment of adults are
often in conflict with child protection legislation .
Paranoid patients are often litigious and make threats when issues of the
safety of their children are raised . They feel persecuted and sometimes make
delusionally based threats against professionals that they actually act upon
. This causes professionals to approach such situations with extreme caution .
Children in such families vary in their involvement in the delusional
beliefs . They struggle with 2 divergent belief systems;the delusional,based
at home and that of the larger society .
Paranoid parents tend to demand secrecy and loyalty ,interrogating their
children to confirm their beliefs . The children present with internalizing
symptoms,which they develop to prevent open conflict with the dominant
delusional parent . They do not challenge the beliefs because they fear
the parent's anger and retaliation,which in turn awaken separation and
abandonment fears . A similar situation exists for children who are the
victims of parental incest,whose obligation to secrecy is necessary to
preserve their abnormal relationship with the parent . The risk of the
second parent becoming delusional is significant . Other emotional responses
in the second parent include anger,perplexity,protective feelings,help-seeking
behaviour,or withdrawal and uncertainty whether the partner is ill or not .
If the psychotic parent acts on her delusions,children are endangered,especially
if the other parent cannot protect the children . There is a major concern when
the delusional parent is violent towards the other parent . Delusions bring
the parents into conflict with the authorities who attempt to rescue the
children . This fuels the persecutory delusional beliefs,and authorities are
seen as provocateurs by the ill parent(s),who feel undermined and may flee .
Child protection agencies,school authorities,public health nurses and
mental health professionals become involved . These patients though clearly
ill,are often deemed not certifiable,and the use of child protection and
education(truancy) legislation to bring attention to the plight of such
children is common . This often results in potentially violent confrontation
with the family,precipitating their departure from the jurisdiction -"pursuit
of isolation" .
Treatment
(Munro,1986) "in truth ,the majority of individuals with folie à deux
are not psychotic;they tend to be impressionable people who adopt untrue
beliefs as a result of a long and over-close association with a deluded
person" .
Treatment of Inducer
When an inducer with a clearly recognized mental illness such as
schizophrenia can be identified,appropriate treatment,preferably as an
inpatient,is indicated . Admission may be under a section of the Mental
Health Act since there is generally resistance to admission from such
patients . Treatment with supportive psychotherapy has been reported to be
successful in a non-schizophrenic patient . After discharge,maintenance
treatment to prevent recurrence in schizophrenic patients is necessary .
Treatment of recipient
For the recipient,separation is an essential therapeutic step,particularly in
cases of folie imposée . Separation should be full and prolonged,but leads to recovery in only 40. of such cases,despite the popular belief that this always proves effective . If the recipient has a true psychosis,treatment with appropriate antipsychotic medication is indicated as strongly as for the inducing member of the pair . The isolation from friends and community in induced psychotic disorders is often self-imposed and results from the hostile and rejecting attitude that accompanies the delusions . Whatever the origin of the sequestration of the partners there is the loss of the possibility of any balancing dialogue or self-correcting impact on the delusional formation . Similar underlying needs in the partners allow a delusion to be transmitted because it is "tailor made" . It may not be communicated,transmitted,or forcibly imposed but adopted . It is still the common belief that the delusion is often imposed by a persistent wearing away of the recipient's resistance . Delusions function as psychotic defenses . In folie a deux the mutual acceptance of delusions enables
the inducer to stay in contact with at least one other person despite the
loss of contact with reality . The more dependent recipient is willing to
accept delusions as the price of maintaining the connection .
Sources
The Psychosis of Association - Folie a Deux, Kenneth Dewhurst,J. of Nervous & Mental Disease,1956,124,451-9
Folie a Deux,M H Sacks,Comprehensive Psychiatry,29,No 3,May 1988,270-277
Mummification & Folie a Deux,D P Boughton,Comprehensive Psychiatry,30,No 1,Jan
1989,26-30
Induced Psychosis,R Howard,British Journal of Hospital Medicine,1994,v 51,No 6,
304-307
The Delusional Parent,TPM Ulzen,Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,42,Aug 1997,617-622
Folie a Deux in a Seychellois mother and adult son,Hospital Medicine,Nov 1999,V
60,No 11,832-835
A Psychotic Family - Folie a Deux,H Waltzer,J of Nervous and Mental Disease,
1963,v137,67-75
Folie a Deux:Psychosis by Association or Genetic Determinism,A Lazarus,
Comprehensive Psychiatry,Mar 1985,129-135
Two Cases of Fole a Deux in Husband and Wife,GN Christodoulou,Acta
Psychiatrica Scandinavia,1970,46(4),413-419
Thanks to the staff and facilities of
Post-Graduate Library
Department of Psychiatry
Royal South Hants Hospital
I watched a TV documentary about the life of Diana, Princess of Wales.
Some people (not psychiatrists) in her lifetime had diagnosed her ,in absentia,
as having Borderline Personality Disorder . Probably very true but I
noticed traits of MPD/DID and behaviours that I had become familiar with,
including eating disorder,bullying,pathological lying .
I borrowed a copy of a book by Sally Bedell Smith from the library,not the usual
fawning drivel on Di. US title is Diana:In search of herself and
in UK Diana: The Life of a Troubled Princess .
It seems almost impossible that someone so much in the public eye
as Princess Di could have functioned for years with so few people
twigging that she had a serious personality disorder .
An exploration of a pathological liar or was it someone displaying
different alters . She was often referred to as being manipulative . But
someone manipulative covers their tracks not her sort of behaviour, saying
one thing to a person one day and plainly contradicting it
to that same person the next. Someone
manipulative has a goal in mind and sticks with it through consistent lying
not inconsistent lying .
The following is quotes from that book .
"Because of her quicksilver temperament ,Diana could slip easily from one
mood to another,confounding those around her ... She was a curious
mixture of incredible maturity and immaturity,like a split personality . "
"She had real difficulty telling the truth purely because she liked to
embellish things . " It was hard to take Diana's word at face value,since
she so often said things to make a point,whether or not she contradicted
a previous account .
The following certainly smacks of MPD,October 1981
Instead of prescribing an antidepressant ,the doctors gave Diana the
tranquilizer Valium,which she rejected,believing that they only wanted
to remove her as a problem by sedating her . Diana revealed her rage,resentment
and denial: "She spoke in the third person,as if about someone else" -
classic MPD/DID behaviour .
Diana panicked when Charles didn't arrive home on time,which drove her
to tears because she thought"something dreadful had happened to him"
Diana said different things to different friends - yet another reason
she preferred that they not compare notes .
The Hoare household started getting anonymous telephone calls to their
home . The calls began in 1992 and numbered as many as 20 a week,some as late as midnight .
Each time the caller remained silent . The police equipped their phone
with a computerized code that could activate tracers . All the calls originated
from 4 lines at Diana's addresses and her mobile phone . The phone calls
had to stop because the police were involved and prosecution under nuisance call
laws was being considered . At this point ,the calls ended .
In 1994 even the Sun newspaper under the heading "Two faces of
Tormented Di" contained details of her "Jekyll and Hyde" personality
Bashir (a TV presenter) had informers but as explanation for
source of this knowledge had easily convinced Diana that her house was bugged .
From Jane Atkinson "It was a very funny 20 minutes, lighthearted and girlie
and laughing . Suddenly she switched off and left the room . She was outgoing,and
then suddenly shut down . "
Besides her sons,Diana looked to a dwindling number of friends she could count
on .
Diana was now "telling pointless lies more and more frequently"
Tiggy Legge-Bourke (nanny) was photographed pouring champagne for Diana's
2 boys which made Diana "hit the roof" . Diana instructed the press to convey her withering
critism . After printing ,Diana put out a statement that "it was untrue and she
admired Tiggy"
From a reporter Arthur Edwards covering the romp with the Fayeds in the Med .
"he had never seen her act more bizarrely ... hiding from the camera one minute
and walking around like a supermodel the next"
Diana reported hearing voices that instructed her
Finally to open out this study and of assistance to the general public the following is from a very useful book for all aspects relating to witness testimony and other evidence. It is a book that will not be found in the ordinary public library but is available interlibrary loan from the Brittish Library .
Analysing Witness Testimony
A Guide for Legal Practitioners and other Professionals
By Anthony Heaton-Armstrong ,Eric Shepherd and David Wolchover
Blackstone Press
Chapter 8 . 2 FALSE ALLEGATIONS FROM INTENTION TO DECEIVE
8 . 2 . 1 False Allegations of rape
A Survey (Kanin 1994) in America looked at all rape allegations made in one police agency within a nine-year period and found that 41 per cent were retracted and declared to be false . This study identified three purposes served by the false allegations - providing an alibi,gaining revenge,or seeking sympathy and attention .
a) The allegation as an alibi - more than half were invented to account for the unforseen consequence of a consensual sexual encounter . Amongst the most common reasons given was a pregnancy for which the alleged 'rape' provided a plausible explanation.
b) The allegation as revenge- slightly over one quarter of the women made allegations against a rejecting man. Usually this followed the break-down of a relationship but occasionally the accusation was made when the man spurned the woman's advances .
c) The allegation to gain sympathy -this was the smallest category and occurred within the context of other relationship difficulties.
Were the retractions valid? The allegations were only declared to be false following police investigation and withdrawal by the women. Many women are reluctant to report sexual assault from fear of the police investigation and court procedures, and prefer to withdraw their accusation. In the past the police have tended to be unsympathetic towards women who reported rape. However, in this study all retractions were made early on and did not follow
prolonged investigation or police interviewing. Moreover, the women were told they would be charged with filing a false complaint, a felony which carried a heavy fine and possible custodial sentence. None of the women later withdrew their retraction, and it seems likely that the retractions were legitimate .
The women who made false declarations did not differ from women whose' complaints were legitimate, but the complaints differed. The fabricated accounts did not include accusations of forced oral or anal rape, in contrast to a quarter of the substantiated rape complaints. None of the women appeared to be deluded or suffering from obvious psychiatric disorder, but were attempting to deal with a personal crisis or social distress.
In a later study of false allegations at two university campuses half of all rape complaints were admitted to be false. Of these, half provided an alibi for the complainant and half were motivated by spite and desire for revenge. Only one was made solely from a wish for attention .
8 . 2 . 2 Allegations arising from disputed custody
An allegation of sexual abuse is a potent weapon against a despised spouse and in cases where custody is disputed such allegations have a high probability of being false. That is not to imply that there are no true cases of sexual abuse in custody cases ,merely that the context offers peculiar temptations to the adults. Divorce and disputes over custody form the background to about 50 per cent of cases of false allegations of sexual abuse involving children. Typically this kind of allegation is a deliberate manipulation by one parent to obtain custody,using the child as an instrument of directed deceipt. Most often it is the mother who accuses the father of abusing the child and sometimes coaxes the child to confirm the allegation. Some children come to believe their stories ,while others are simply suporting the parent. Not all accusations are as flagrantly dishonest and some arise from anxious misinterpretation of a child's behaviour. Children who are torn between two parents frequently show signs of distress which can be misconstrued as fear of the non-custodial parent. Occasionally,normal events such as soreness around the vulva or rectal irritation have been wrongly construed as evidence of penetration.
8 . 2 . 3 Deliberate deceit by children
Deception by the child, not at the bidding of a parent, is unusual. As with adults, when it occurs it is usually opponunistic and motivated by spite or to provide an alibi; for example, an older child may sometimes accuse an adult in order to conceal sexual activity with a peer, and young children have made accusations to avoid being returned to neglecting but not abusing parents.
8 . 3 FALSE ACCUSATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PSYCHIATRIC DISTURBANCE
Not all false allegations are deliberately such. Allegations of sexual abuse may occur as part of a psychiatric illness. Such individuals generally show other features of illness and will respond to treatment of the underlying condition. However, some may come to the attention of investigating authorities before the correct diagnosis is made. The division of mental illness into psychosis and neurosis, though imprecise, remains a useful distinction. As well as mental illness are the various forms of personality disorder which may exist independendy of any mental illness but nevertheless causce significant impairment of social functioning.
8 . 3 . 1 Psychosis
Psychosis is a mental disorder in which there is gross impairment of mental function to such an extent that insight, judgment and contact wjth reality are affected. The majority of sufferers experience delusions or haiiucinations, have conspicuous social and personality difficulties and generally do not recognise themselves as unwell.
Case example 8 . 1
A professional woman 'knew' instantly that sexual abuse had taken place when she saw her father comfort his grandchild after a fall. The police and child protection authorities were involved and investigations begun before the case was dropped when it became clear that the mother was hypomanic. Aftet treatment with mood-stabilising drugs she withdrew all her allegations and became severely depressed. Two later relapses were ushered in by further accusations. Now well, the patient is ashamed and embarrassed by her allegations, and when depressed they fuel her sense of herself as irredeemably evil. Psychiatric illness is rare in young children ,but in adolescents an accusation may sometimes be the first indicator of a developing psychosis
Case example 8 . 2
A 12-year-old girl accused her father of repeated rape. An extensive social services enquiry found no evidence, but, as a precaution she was rehoused in her own fiat. When she later stated that her mother, a music teacher, greeted her pupils topless, doubt was cast on her story. Several years later she had clear symptoms of schizophrenia.
Accusations may arise out of psychological disturbance involving more than one individual. The folie a deux is a delusional disorder shared by two people;, who have close emotional ties. Commonly the stronger, more dominant person develops a delusion and induces it in the other. The condition generally remits if the dominant person is treated. Some custody disputes may be of this kind,. in which a child takes on the delusion of the parent. Allegations involving children which are later found to be false often involve mothers with a psychotic illness.
8 . 3 . 2 Neurosis
Neurosis is a psychological reaction to stress, expressed through behaviour or emotion which is either excessive or inappropriate. In contrast to psychosis patients with a neurosis do not strike those around them as out of touch with reality. Rather, their state of mind can be 'understood' and the border between a normal reaction to stress and a neurosis is blurred. Patients may complain of anxiety, phobias, or obsessional-compulsive conditions and some are severely incapacitated by their worries. Their personalities remain relatively intact. Anxious and 'neurotic' individuals are prone to misperceive cues or misinterpret ordinary actions. It is not uncommon that an immature and sexually naive young woman ignores, or fails to recognise, sexual signals. This may in turn be misconstrued by the man as consent to intercourse. By the time the woman realises what she has got herself into she may not have the social skills to extricate herself. Some women are afraid of upsetting or 'rejecting' the man at this point, recognising that to some extent they are to blame for their own predicament. Others attempt to say 'no' at too late a stage or simply acquiesce as the easiest solution. Guilt and shame may later lead such a woman to reinterpret the event as outside her control and herself as injured. External influences, such as the views of friends and relatives, also exert pressure upon a young woman to regard herself as a victim and minimise her role in the sexual encounter. Women who find themselves in this plight may later 'cry rape'. Some cases of so-called 'date rape' may be ofthis kind. The woman is not deliberately deceitful so much as deceiving herself. Some individuals have difficulty in distinguishing fact from fantasy.
Case example 8 . 3
At the time of a highly publicised murder investigation,a young woman with personal and family stress reported that two men resembling police "identikit" pictures had attempted to drag her into a green "Volkswagen". Within 24 hours she had retracted her statement and later told how she had longed for her husband's attention. As a result she had woven an imaginary story and had come to believe it. Two years later she still said, "I know it did not happen but it seemed so real I could see the men and the car so vividly ,I can still see them" .
Folie à Deux a Personal Story
Setting-up Mirror Sites
If you have found this file in an archive then put keyword of "Nutteing" in a search engine to
find an updated version,also some sites do not support the .wav sound files.
Oh What a Tangled Web
We Weave 70K
All the actual witness statements for the trial can be found by clicking
here Pre-Trial Witness
Statements and evidence 150K
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chairman at Alderbury it white it county on Alderton it whiteparish if council at Allcanningswick by by baddeley
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it wood my assistant at Avebury Truwoods it sloe by gardner at Avon it wyndham, matthews at Avoncliff it
york by emergency at Axford it road it duty on Bagshot it street my chambers at Bapton it lane it brian on
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on Bathampton amesbury an my seager on Baverstock wilton an chair on Baydon it petersfinger, my
chairperson the Beanacre it bemerton my chairman at Bearfield it ford christine at Beckhampton it crisp
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principal at Black Dog it officer at Blackland by liz at Blackmore Forest if planning at Bleet if divisional the
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chris on Broad Street if rakoczi at Broad Town it liz at Broken Cross my pearce on Brokenborough it hiett on
Brokerswood it higgins at Bromham it kathy on Brook it of home on Broughton Common it learning at Broughton
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eleanor at Bulford my pook on Bulkington by sue at Bullocks Horn by philips at Bupton my mark on Burbage
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Cherhill my banister at Cheverell Magna my debby on Cheverell Parva by avery on Chicklade my golding
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walton on Durrington my lovesey at East Chisenbury my ridgewell at East Coulston it deboer on East Everleigh
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East Harnham it older on East Hatch it luce on East House Estate my day at East Kennet my jenkins at
East Knoyle by sharon on East Sharcott my burns on East Tytherton it wendy on East Winterslow it joslin on
Eastcott my norman on Eastcourt my mclarry at Easterton if ashley as Easton if avon as Easton Grey it
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bishopdown the Elston my bourne as Enford it bouverie at Erlestoke my south as Etchilhampton if north as
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britford at Fiddington it brown as Fifield it brunel as Fifield Bavant if burcombe at Figheldean by burford at
Filands my carmelite at Fir Hill if castle as Firsdown if cathedral at Fisherton de la Mere if catherine at
Fittleton if cherry orchard Flintham Hill my cheverell at Fonthill Bishop if church as Fonthill Gifford if
churchfields the Ford by churchill at Forest if way at Fosbury if close as Foscote my coldharbour the Fovant it
coombe as Foxham it South Wraxall of cornwall at Foxley it Southbrook of coronation the Free Trade it
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Gomeldon it Standlynch of grove as Gores it Stanley at on endless at Grafton it Stanton St Bernard at essex as
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Staples Hill of exeter as Great Field it Startley of fairfield at Great Hinton it Staverton at on fisherton at
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hamilton at Grovely Wood it Stonehenge of harnham at Gutch Common it Stonehill of saint as Ham it
Stoppers Hill as marks as Hamptworth it Stormore of harnwood at Hanging Langford it Stourton of harper
as Hankerton it Stourton With Gasper as hathaway at Happy Land it Stradbrook as high as Hardenhuish it
Straight Soley as highbury at Hartham it Stratford Sub Castle at highland at Hawkeridge it Stratford Toney
as highlands at Hawkstreet it Stratford Tony at hill as Hawthorn it Studley at on hillside at Haxon (Or Haxton it
Sturford at on hilltop at Haxton (Or Haxon it Stype at on hollows at Hayes Knoll it Sundeys Hill as hudson as
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Hisomley my Green as moberly at Holloway my Linleys at on montague at Holt my Quarry at on montgomery
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nadder as Horseshoes it Thickwood as nelson as Horsey Down it Thingley of netherhampton it Horton it
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as Kilmington Street it Totterdown as pembroke at Kings Down it Townsend at on pinewood at
Kingston Deverill it Trowbridge of potters at Kington Langley it Trowle Common of pound as Kington
St Michael it Tuckingmill as primrose at Knighton it Turleigh of princes at Knockdown it Tytherington at
priory as Knook it Tytherton Lucas as pullman at Knowle it Uffcott of queen as Lacock it Ugford of alexandra
at Landford it Upavon of queens as Landsend it Upper Castle Combe at queensberry the Lane End it
Upper Chicksgrove as quidhampton the Langley Burrell Without it Upper Chute as rambridge at Larkhill it
Upper Draycot at rampart at Latton it Upper Seagry at drive as Laverstock it Upper Stanton at randalls at
Lea and Cleverton it Upper Studley at croft as Leigh it Upper Town as rawlence at Leigh Delamere it
Upper Waterhay at red at Leigh Green (Lye Green it Upper Westwood at house as Limpers Hill
it Upper Whitbourne as ridgeway at Limpley Stoke it Upper Woodford at riverbourne the Little Ann it
Upper Wraxall at riverside at Little Ashley it Uppington as roberts at Little Bedwyn it Upton at on
rollestone the Little Chalfield it Upton Lovell at roman as Little Durnford it Upton Scudamore as
rosemary at Little Horton it Urchfont of russell at Little Langford it Victoria Park at andrews at
Little London it Vowley of clements at Little Marsh it Wadswick of edmunds at Little Salisbury it
Wardour of francis at Little Somerford it Warminster as georges at Little Wishford it
Warminster Common as james as Littlecott it Wedhampton as johns as Littleton it Well Head as
martyns at Littleton Drew it West Amesbury at martins at Littleton Pannell it West Ashton as marys
as Littleworth it West Chisenbury as michaels at Lockeridge it West Common as nicholas at
Long Close it West Coulston at peters as Long Dean it West Dean as thomas as Longbridge Deverill it
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Longhedge it West Grimstead at shady as Longsplatt it West Harnham at bower as Longstreet it
West Kennett at shaftsbury the Lopcombe Corner it West Kington at shakespeare the Lotmoor it
West Kington Wick as silver as Lover it West Knoyle as somerset at Lowbourne it West Lavington at
salisbury at Lowden it West Overton at southampton the Lowden Hill it West Sharcott at stanley at
Lower Chicksgrove it West Stowell at little as Lower Chute it West Tisbury at station at
Lower Coombe it West Winterslow as stock as Lower Everleigh it West Yatton as stockbridge
the Lower Seagry it Westbrook as stoford at Lower Stanton St Quintin it Westbury of stratford
at Lower Studley it Westbury Leigh at sub castle the Lower Waterhay it Westcourt as sunnyhill at
Lower Westwood it Westrop of sutton as Lower Whitbourne it Westwells as thistlebarrow it Lower Woodford
it Westwood of tollgate at Lower Wraxall it Wexcombe of tournament the Lower Zeals it Whaddon of
triangle at Wilts it White Cross as trinity at Wiltshire it White Hill as tisbury at Luckington it
White Street at fovant as Ludgershall it Whitefield as tisbury at Ludwell it Whiteparish as ugford as
Lydiard Green it Whitley of upper as Lydiard Millicent it Whittonditch at lower as Lydiard Tregoze it
Wick at on folly as Lye Green (Leigh Green it Wick Green as valley as Lyes Green it Wick Hill as
vanessa at Lyneham it Widbrook of vicarage at Lypiatt it Widham of rectory at Maddington it Wilcot
of victoria at Maiden Bradley it Wilcot Green at wain-a-long the Maiden Bradley With Yarnfield it
Willesley as virginia at Malmesbury it Wilsford of wardour at Manningford it Wilsford Cum Lake as
warminster the Manningford Abbotts it Wilton of newton as Manningford Bohune it Wincombe of
stapleford the Manningford Bruce it Wingfield as water as Manton it Wingfield Common as watergate at
Marden it Winsley of waterloo at Market Lavington it Winterbourne at ditchampton the Marlborough it
Winterbourne Bassett at bulford at Marridge Hill it Winterbourne Dauntsey the amesbury at
Marston it Winterbourne Earls at watt as Marston Maisey it Winterbourne Gunner at wellington
the Marston Meysey it Winterbourne Monkton at wessex as Marten it Winterbourne Stoke at dean as
Martinslade it Winterslow as wake as Melksham it Wishford of tytherley at Melksham Without it
Witherington at winterbourne the Mere it Wolverton as gunner as Middle Coombe it Woodborough
as earls as Middle Whitbourne it Woodcock of gomeldon at Middle Winterslow it Woodfalls as
winterslow the Middle Woodford it Woodford of woodyates at Middlehill it Woodmarsh as western at
Milbourne it Woodminton as westfield at Mildenhall it Woodrow of field as Mile Elm it Woodsend
of eastern at Milford it Woolley of northern at Milkhouse Water it Woolmore of Wootton Bassett as
Wootton Rivers at Worton of Wylye at on Yarnbrook as Yatesbury as Yatton Keynell at Zeals at on
Continuation
of the sorry tale The Saga
Continues
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